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Francesca Ghiretti

Francesca Ghiretti is a Research Leader in the Defense and Security Group at RAND Europe.

Articles

Putin and Xi attend a welcoming ceremony at Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, May 16, 2024.

Opinion: Russia is leveraging gold and working with China to bypass Western sanctions

Since the West imposed unprecedented economic pressure on Russia following its full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the country’s trade practices have undergone a dramatic transformation, with Russian international trade increasingly occurring in the shadows. Access to the goods it needs now depends on constant scheming. Given that Russia operates under

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