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Francesca Ghiretti photo

Francesca Ghiretti

Francesca Ghiretti is a Research Leader in the Defense and Security Group at RAND Europe.

Articles

Putin and Xi attend a welcoming ceremony at Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China, May 16, 2024.

Opinion: Russia is leveraging gold and working with China to bypass Western sanctions

Since the West imposed unprecedented economic pressure on Russia following its full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the country’s trade practices have undergone a dramatic transformation, with Russian international trade increasingly occurring in the shadows. Access to the goods it needs now depends on constant scheming. Given that Russia operates under informal rules, this shift comes naturally. Understanding this — and, particularly, the role of Russia’s new patron, China — could help ensure that